The Concept of Behaviorism Gestalt and Structuralism

Abstract The following will be discussed in this essay: behaviorism, gestalt, and structuralism. Examples will be provided for each component. Behaviorism, gestalt, and structuralism are juxtaposed, and their influence on psychology is discussed. Unit 1 Individual Project To better understand the concepts of structuralism, behaviorism, and gestalt, its imperative to provide examples of each method and juxtapose the differences to explain how each impact psychology. Structuralism The structural approach to psychology yearned to quantify the human mind in a scientific way (Reed, 2010). Not only is structuralism is the study of how people respond to stimuli, it is also the study of human perception (Education Portal, 2012). It was believed that surface behavior held useful information to issues that only therapists could identify through introspection (Narrative Therapy Chicago, 2012). An example of structuralism can be provided through the process of introspection where the therapist produces a sound, or ask a patient to jump up and down. After making observations, the therapist would ask the patient, How does that make you feel? Given the patients unconscious reaction and introspective response, the therapist believes that he can unmask the clues to the patients problem. Behaviorism Behaviorism claims that conditioning the root is the cause of all behavior (Graham, 2010). Simply put, behavior is a product of the environment, not a product of the mindShow MoreRelatedSchool of Thought1108 Words   |  5 Pagesexplain the human mind and behavior began. The first school of thought, structuralism, was advocated by the founder of the first psychology lab, Wilhelm Wundt. Almost immediately, other theories began to emerge and vie for dominance in psychology. The following are some of the major thought that have influenced our knowledge and understanding of psychology: Structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism: Structuralism: Structuralism was the first school of psychology, and focused on breaking down mentalRead MoreFoundation of Psychology773 Words   |  4 Pagestheories within psychology. Over the years there are many schools of thoughts in psychology that has developed, that are in addition to the main eight which are structuralism, functionalism, rationalism, behaviorism, psychoanalysis, humanistic psychology, Gestalt psychology, and Cognitive Psychology. . The first school of thought, structuralism was endorsed by Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Bradford Titchner between 1890-1920 in Germany and the US. This school of thought analyzes the mental processes andRead MorePananaliksik Sa Filipino797 Words   |  4 PagesGestalt Psychology Gestalt psychology[-0] is a school of psychology based upon the idea that we experience things as unified wholes. This approach to psychology began in Germany and Austria during the late 19th century in response to the molecular approach of structuralism. Instead of breaking down thoughts and behavior to their smallest elements, the gestalt psychologists believed that you must look at the whole of experience. According to the gestalt thinkers, the whole is greater than the sumRead MoreSchool of Thoughts in Psychology1604 Words   |  7 Pagesover how to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began. The first school of thought, structuralism, was advocated by the founder of the first psychology lab, Wilhelm Wundt. Almost immediately, other theories began to emerge and vie for dominance in psychology. The following are some of the major schools of thought that have influenced our knowledge and understanding of psychology: Structuralism was the first school of psychology, and focused on breaking down mental processes into the mostRead MoreKurt Wundt s Theory Of Psychology966 Words   |  4 PagesGermany’s Gestalt psychology, Austria’s psychoanalysis, and America’s behaviorism and functionalism (Schultz, 2012, p.77) E.B. Titchener, a disciple of Wundt’s, changed the premise of the discipline when he brought it to America (Schultz, 2012, p.88). In 1896 Titchener published Outline of Psychology, which established Structuralism (The History of Psychology). Structuralism would become popular and endure for twenty years, ending with Titchener death (Schultz, 2012, p.88).Structuralism dealt withRead MorePsychology1731 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿The Different schools of psychology Structuralism- the first school of thought headed by Wilhelm Wundt, a German, and later by E.B. Titchener started in 1879 when experimental psychology was gaining more incentive. The structuralists, as they called themselves, thought of psychology as the study of conscious experience. They started components experience. They started that all complex substances could be analyzed through their component elements. They held that elementary mental states such asRead MoreHistory of Psychology852 Words   |  4 Pagesbehavior. Today the question we are doing falls under the History of Psychology. It deals with the earlier schools (Structuralism and Functionalism) and compares them with the most recent schools of psychology (Gestalt psychology, Psychoanalysis and Cognitive Psychology). Structuralism What is structuralism (voluntarisms)? Structuralism is said to be an approach to the human sciences which attempts to break conscious experience, down into objective sensation. Such as sightRead MoreMajor Schools of Thought in Psychology829 Words   |  4 Pagesschools of thought in psychology. †¢ Structuralism †¢ Functionalism †¢ Psychoanalysis †¢ Behaviourism †¢ Humanism †¢ Cognitivism Major Schools of Thought in Psychology When psychology was first established as a science separate from biology and philosophy, the debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behaviour began. The different schools of psychology represent the major theories within psychology. The first school of thought, structuralism, was advocated by the founder of theRead MoreGestalt Psychology1707 Words   |  7 Pagesfunctionalism B) structuralism C) introspection D) behaviorism 23. Which school of psychology focused its studies on perception? A) structuralism B) functionalism C) psychoanalysis D) Gestalt psychology 24. What structuralist is best known for the study of heat and cold? A) J. Henry Alston B) Wilhelm Wundt C) Edward Titchener D) Raymond Cattell 25. Which approach to psychology would be apt to say â€Å"the whole is greater than the sum of its parts?† A) Structuralist B) Gestalt C) FunctionalistRead MoreMajor Schools of Thought in Psychology2010 Words   |  9 Pagessomething different to our understanding of the human mind and behavior. The Five major schools of thought that will be addressed in this paper are structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, gestalt, and psychoanalysis. Furthermore, I will also give a description of how I imagine psychology to be in the future. Major Schools of thought in Psychology Structuralism was the first school of thought developed by Edward Bradford Titchener, who had studied under Wilhelm Wundt (Schultz Schultz, 2011). Structuralists

IKEA in Australia Free Essays

As a part of International Advertising ADV301 we were assigned to research an advertising campaign for a product or brand that is marketed locally as well as internationally. To write a report comparing and contrasting the actual advertisements/commercials and campaigns taking various factors into account. The following report will examine the world’s largest furniture retailer Ikea. We will write a custom essay sample on IKEA in Australia or any similar topic only for you Order Now By studying Ikea’s global strategy as well as the national strategies and the different advertisement internationally and domestically one will get a deeper understanding of their marketing and advertising executions. The advertisements that will be reviewed in this report are two TV commercial, one from Australia and one from the UK. I chose Australia and UK just to show that even countries with similar cultural preferences can have very different approaches. Background A Swedish man named Ingvar Kamprad in a small town called Älmhult, Sweden, founded Ikea in 1943. The company distributes its products through its retail outlets located in over 39 countries. As of October 2010, the chain has 313 stores, most of them in Europe, North America, Asia and Australia (Ikea, 2010). Ikea’s vision is to create a better everyday life for the many people (Ikea, 2010). Their business idea supports this vision by offering a wide range of high quality, well designed and functional home furnishing products to low prices so that as many people will be able to afford them as possible. Ikea has made this possible by using inexpensive materials in a novel way and minimizing production, distribution and retail costs. IKEA and Advertising IKEA’s positioning statement is â€Å"Your partner in better living. We do our part, you do yours. Together we save money†, referring to the ready-to-assemble furniture. The brand image is the result of over 50 years work by Ikea’s co-workers at all levels all over the world. The actions done, things being said, the products offered, the low prices, presentation of product range and the information provided to customers all contributes to the overall image. Ikea has a long tradition of marketing communication and has upon till recently mainly focused on print media, which has shown to be successful. However in the last five years additionally media have been used to an extended degree including TV, radio and Internet (Wise, J., 2000) During the years Ikea has had a number of controversial TV commercial, some have even been banned form certain countries throughout the world. However Ikea believes that their controversy is what makes them stand out and separate them from their primary competitors. The marketing department means that if you like it or not it engages people, it provokes conversation and debate, which successfully results in raising awareness of the brand and increasing sales (Wise, J., 2000). Ikea uses advertising to support many different areas of the business including brand awareness, store themes, catalogue drops and store openings. Every year Ikea publish a free catalogue distributed both in stores and by mail. The catalogue is published in over 36 countries and translated into 27 languages worldwide. The catalogue consumes 70% of the company’s annual marketing budget and is considered to be the main marketing tool of the retail giant. 110 million catalogues were circulated last year – three times higher than that of the Bible, with 13 million of these being available in the UK (Ikea, 2010) Advertising strategy IKEA’s target audience is the same in each country they are situated in and is roughly described as â€Å"everyone† but mainly focusing on young families and couples starting out. â€Å"You have more ideas and ambitions than you have a thick wallet during that period of your life, we think Ikea fits in mostly there† says Christer Granstrand, head of Ikea’s international marketing department (Wise, J., 2000). However the target audiences differ from country to country in terms of how they perceive or interpret symbols or stimuli, respond to humor or emotional appeals, as well as in levels of literacy and languages spoken. Most of Ikea’s ads are known to have a sense of simplicity, practicality, rebelliousness and the unexpected. Ikea has managed to maintain a kind of overall brand personality across the markets, even if the company is split by country into franchises operating with almost complete autonomy, including setting its own advertising budget and developing its own marketing initiatives (Wise, J., 2000). This means that the decision process is centralized but the advertising approach is regional (Mueller, B. 2006). Campaigns are based around the unique marketing conditions and cultural sensibilities of each country. Ikea realized that to strengthen its presence in the global market it was necessary to localize. They have over the year worked with different advertising agencies to bring out some of the most creative and unconventional television spots across the globe. Ikea uses a standardized strategy with modified executions. Within a homogeneous environment advertising standardization is recommendable. If, on the contrary, environmental variables across markets are heterogeneous, customized advertising should be favored (Oboulo, 2010). Some studies argue that a standardized advertising strategy is the most desirable option when consumer needs are universal, while others argue that adaptation of the advertising strategy across boundaries is more appropriate due to differing consumer buying motives and cultures. Languages barriers, media limitation and culture diversity are three major factors that need to be taken in to consideration when developing a strategy. Language is one of the major barriers to effective communication through advertising. The problem involves different languages of different countries, different languages or dialects within one country. Communication is impeded by the great diversity of cultural heritage and education which exists within countries and which causes varying interpretations of even single sentences and simple concept (Payne, N., 2009) Even the simplest and most taken for granted aspects of advertising need to be carefully researched. Colors, numbers, symbols and images do not all translate well across cultures. Ikea sells home furnishing products, but not just products but also a way of life, they sell a lifestyle. The lifestyle we have and the way we live differs enormously between cultures and that insight is something Ikea has taken into account not only by tailoring the product range depending on the market but also adapting the advertising execution accordingly. For example, European spots, particularly those in the UK, are more in your face than those in North America, which tend to be more comedic. However Ikea has in general over the last years moved towards idea advertising and away from product and price spots that define many of the chain’s competitors (Wise, J., 2000). A reason for Ikea’s international marketing success is that executives from Sweden are located wherever Ikea has a head office such as across Europe, North America, Asia and the Middle East, which helps to carry forward the company’s corporate culture (Wise, J., 2000). The international marketing department develops common strategies during meetings with local marketing managers where they look at common values, ideas and how they would fit with the traditional vision of Ikea. How to cite IKEA in Australia, Essay examples

Marketing Talk – By Seth Godin

Question: Explain about the term for Marketing Talk By Seth Godin? Answer: Learnings from Godins talk Seth Godin pointed out that the people at the present time, have a lot of options regarding the products that they want to buy and a lot less time to decide which product to buy. This, in turn, allows most of the customers to get acquainted with various marketing activities of various brands, which allows the customers to ignoring most of the marketing communications from various brands. According to Seth, mass marketing to the average customers could lead to the failure of the product in the market because those average customers are accustomed to ignore the marketing activities of the average products. Seth also stressed that the marketing activities of the remarkable products are always successful, as the customers deem those products to be worth to make a remark. Seth coined a Japanese word, otaku to describe the customers who have the desire to listen to new and interesting things along with the desire to explore. Seth suggests that the marketing activities aiming at the custome rs with Otaku will always be successful. Godins suggestions to spread an idea Godins suggests that the idea which is conventional and average doesnt spread very easily in the current markets. Godin suggested not to market an idea to the average customers, who are accustomed to ignoring the marketing communications. According to Godin, the identification of the customers who care about new ideas and are willing to listen is the most important activity in marketing. This, in turn, allows those customers with Otaku to spread the ideas to their friends, which ultimately allows the idea to be spread widely.

The Emergence of Middle Class an Example of the Topic Economics Essays by

The Emergence of Middle Class For the longest time, status in the society is determined by the wealth a person was able to acquire and to use. Money has been the significant tool in knowing the place of a person in the society. However, in nineteenth century, another class in the society was developed due to several reasons which highly include economy of the country. There are no enough descriptions and sources about the middle class. Throughout the years, society has been into the rich and the poor, the high and the low but in the nineteenth century of American society, middle class came out and ruled the whole country. In times of recession, middle class emerged as the saving tool of the country from total destruction. Need essay sample on "The Emergence of Middle Class" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Undergraduates Usually Tell EssayLab writers: I experimented to do my topics essay on my own and it was a failure. Click On Order Button And Get Set To Be Impressed Essay Writing Service Get Paid To Write Papers For Students Essay Writing Service Cheap Essay Help In nineteenth century, American Society was indeed in good shape going into bad situation. There are divisions in the society and among these divisions was middle class. Although middle class emerged late already compared to other classes, it made a remarkable impact both in the society and in the economy of the country. The development of this class although not that clear in present drove several social history researches in present. However it is understood that the development of middle class is due to the transformation of classes in the society and because of the changes in occupational structure. Due to these changes in occupational structure, growth of industrial-capitalism soon followed together with rapid urbanization, number of immigrations and the geographic mobility in the United States of America (Archer and Blau, 1993). The emergence of the middle class in the nineteenth century is something new to the society. Middle class although is not the superior holds a lot of power and saying over the society. They have so many differences to the other classes provided that they are of the same nature and race, mostly immigrants and workers. What mattered at that time for the classes was not entirely the money but how these people choose to spend their money and on where they invested it. Furthermore, they were identified because of their ability to make social connections and how they build social relationships because of their money, their funds and investments (Purcell). Being part of the middle class requires a lot of things although not that hard to achieve but usually are very naturally. For African-Americans, being middle class is impossible. In the case of the immigrants, especially Irish immigrants, it is kind of hard also to break in into the world of the middle class because in them, nativity is inculcated (Purcell). Hence, it is well understood that the development of middle class in the American Society of Nineteenth Century is brought of transformations and social changes, including social mobility. Although the latter is really limited, being middle class is easy for native born and the member of the White society. References Archer, Melanie and Blau, Judith R. Class formation in nineteenth-century America: the case of the middle class. Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 19, 1993 Purcell, Sarah J., Ph.D. The Emerging Middle Class. Grinnell College.