If you were directing the play a view from a bridge what Essay

If you were directing the play "a view from a bridge" what advice would you give to the actor playing Eddie about his character? Use quotations and close reference to the text. "A view from a bridge" is a play with five main characters. Eddie and Beatrice are married whilst they adopt Catherine, who is Eddie's niece. Marco and Rudolfo are their cousins who come to stay from Sicily. They are both illegal immigrants. A situation in the play occurs where Eddie becomes possessive of Catherine while Rudolfo plans to marry her. From the director's point of view advice to the actor playing the part of Eddie is complicated, but crucial. If I was the director looking for an actor to play Eddie it would have to be a man in his forties because that is most likely to be approximately the age of a man who has a niece the age of seventeen. Eddie is a longshoreman in the play and it would make sense if the actor was well built. In the film we watched Eddie had no real muscle definition. Also the play we watched Eddie seemed to sit in the same seat all the time. This shows that the character of Eddie was perceived as lazy, I did not think this was the case because of his active job. I would tell the actor to be more dynamic, energetic and move about the stage more, especially when he gets frustrated. The play was set in the nineteen fifties so Eddie would be told by me to dress appropriately. Eddie should wear old rugged clothes because of the limited income provided by his job. This brings me to Catherine who, in the film we watched was definitely overdressed and too clean for the circumstances she lives in. Another big aspect I would give advice to the actor about is his relationships with other characters. In the play we watched it was hard to comprehend the part where Eddie's innermost feelings for Catherine were exposed. This was the scene where Eddie came home drunk and found Rudolfo in Catherine's room. To make the scene more believable Eddie should show more love for Catherine. He should do this through body language. His facial expression should show over concern and love for Catherine or he could stare gapingly at her body. The play we watched the actors face was expressionless and all he did was say his lines whilst sitting in a chair. That was not enough. Although curiosity should be put across to the audience it should... ...s when he has the urge to be a macho and man of the house. Also respect is the most important thing and is greatly valued, this explains Eddie's behaviour towards the end of the play. I think that the background culture should be kept in mind because part of the specification is a strong macho man capable of a convincing accent and not slouching or looking lazy. In the play we watched Eddie sat in the same chair too much so either a younger is needed or an actor that looks dynamic at least. Also a good point is to advise the actor to walk about the stage when Eddie seems to struggle to express feelings through his limited vocabulary. Eddie's character shows stubbornness. He shows that attribute throughout the play and does not expect his family to correct him on anything he has already stated. I also think that when he releases bottled up emotions, like in the situation when he comes home drunk the actor should exaggerate his facial expressions. In the play we watched Eddie's face was expressionless showing poor acting, which was disappointing. As the play progresses Eddie seems to lose his mind, and also at one point he loses his sense of Sicilian justice.

Combatting Environmental Racism

People before Profit: Combatting Environmental Racism After years of protests, court cases, deaths and stereotypes, the civil rights movement finally helped create equality in the United States and the saying in the Declaration of Independence, ‘All men are created Equal’, finally had meaning. But not all communities are created equal. Those communities inhabited by the poor and minorities are more degraded, less powerful and less protected. The government engages in environmental racism against the people living in these communities, putting their health and safety at risk.The profit maximizing mindset of western companies is putting profits before people, endangering lives and communities around the world and should be corrected before more people face the consequences. Environmental racism â€Å"refers to any policy, practice, or directive that differentially affects or disadvantages (whether intentionally or not) individuals, groups, or communities based on race or color†(90). As more and more countries shift to capitalism, humans are becoming increasingly greedy, selfish, and profit-maximizing beings.We are completely disregarding the cost to nature and each other; the only green we care about is the dollar. Individuals in power are taking advantage of minorities and placing toxic waste, landfills and polluting factories on their communities in order for them to save costs. Minorities such as blacks and Latinos are perceived as being weak and passive to government related actions. They are too scared to fight the government in fear that it will put their jobs in jeopardy and increase their economic burden. According to research by Dr.Deborah Robinson, three out of five African Americans in the United States live in communities with uncontrollable toxic waste sites. Also, three of the five largest commercial hazardous waste landfills are located in African American and Latino communities. People need to take notice that environmental rac ism is also a form of racial oppression. It is the same product in different packaging. The people living in these communities suffer â€Å"shorter life spans, higher infant and adult mortality, poor health, poverty, diminished economic opportunities, substandard housing and an overall degraded quality of life. Also, studies have shown that long-term exposure to air pollution or toxic waste can cause lower IQ on children. How can one expect the poor to climb the class ladder and leave these slums if their IQ is being lowered by the environment that they are forced to live in? Corporate greed is to blame for this problem. People must take action to remove these dangerous plants and chemicals from these communities. Just because the poor are helpless does not mean we need to make their situation worst.The people most likely to be exposed to these dangerous chemicals are also the least likely to have medical insurance. There are just over four million uninsured Americans; â€Å"That 4 million is broken down into 33% Hispanics, 21% African Americans and 21% Asian and Pacific Islanders†(92). 75% of people without insurance are minorities. These people are getting sick and cannot afford to pay for their healthcare costs so they are just dying by the masses. Not only are we hurting the very poor with our corporate greed, but we are also hurting nature.Environmental racism also encompasses nature. Toxic material is being dropped into our lakes and our air. A recent study has revealed that 40% of America’s rivers and 46% of America’s lakes are too polluted for fishing, swimming or aquatic life. One American produces over 3,285 pounds of hazardous waste. Our countries are deteriorating, species are becoming extinct; we are destroying our planet and there are simple solutions to correct that can help alleviate these predicaments, but first, corporate greed needs to be exterminated.The corporate mindset needs to change from ‘Profits before peop le’ to ‘People before profits’. It is simple; companies need to move their factories from those areas where people will be affected. No matter if they are black, Hispanic, Asians or whites, people are people, and one life is worth the same. There are millions of acres of desert land hundreds of miles from civilization that can be used to house those factories. Also, companies should start investing in more environmental friendly technologies for their factories in order to decrease pollution and toxic waste.If the entire world lived like the average American, we would need 5 planets to provide enough resources. Yes, investment in green technology is costly, but it is worth it. First of all, because it leads to a cleaner and more sustainable planet. Second, because the communities near the plants would not be at risk and third, because it saves money for the companies. It is a heavy short-term investment that provides long-term results. It is good for the environm ent and for the companies as it saves them money. Take for example Pepsi. Pepsi makes Walkers potato chips in England.Martyn Seal, the director of sustainability watches the clouds of steam rise from his office and all he sees is lost resources and lost money. To solve this, he and his team developed a manufacturing process that â€Å"will allow them to suck water out of potatoes and even unplug the plant from the public water system†. Potatoes are composed of 80% water, so they could use this captured water to clean the equipment, wash the potatoes and even irrigate the plants outside the factory. It is estimated that this method could save them more than $1 dollars a year.Companies need to start following Pepsi’s initiative and help conserve our planet. When companies shift their views to People before Profits, they will finally be morally aware of the damages they are causing to not only nature but also the people living in these communities. The problem of environm ental racism is also due to the transnational power and the extent of the mobility of these global corporations that are exploiting workers. Economic integration has facilitated the movement of goods and services across national borders.Firms are becoming more and more powerful to nations. †Their mobility has made it possible for them to seek the greatest profit, the least government regulations, and the best tax incentives, anywhere in the world. † This is what creates environmental racism, if the proletariats does not accept a low waged job with environmental health risks, the mobility of the firm will allow it to relocate and find labor in another part of the world that has loser government regulations, oppressing those people instead.They are being forced to live under these conditions in order to put food on their family’s table. Another reason why environmental racism is occurring is due to lower environmental standards abroad. Luckily, the United States is passing stricter environmental regulations such as Title IV â€Å"which prohibits discriminatory practices in programs receiving federal funds and†¦a law that set policy goals for the protection, maintenance and enhancement of the environment†(91). These stricter laws have caused a downsizing of US operations and an expansion of operations across national borders.Large polluting firms that can no longer operate in the United States due to strict sanctions are now moving to third world countries where they can operate as these countries are in much need of capital and hence have lower environmental standards. The problem is not being reduced but rather passing on from one country to the next. For example, there are 2,000 maquiladoras in the US-Mexico border operated by American, Japanese and other foreign countries. The â€Å"maquiladoras dump their toxic wastes into the river, from which 95 percent of the region’s residents get their drinking water†(95).The se corporations are making top profits, while poor communities in Mexico are forced to low-wage jobs and environmental health threats. â€Å"There is no ‘right to know’ law in Mexico, so both workers and communities are denied information about the toxins to which they are exposed. † These companies are degrading the environment and also they are keeping the toxic waste stored in Mexico, which should be returned to the US by law. This is just one example of how corporate mobility and lower standards abroad are leading to a higher degree of environmental racism.The profit maximizing mindset of western companies is putting profits before people, endangering lives and communities around the world and should be corrected before more people face the consequences. To combat against environmental degradation and racism one needs to change the governmental policies regarding these issues. Governments need to engage in ‘globalization from below’, â€Å"a glo bal civil society that seeks to extend ideas of moral, legal and environmental accountability to those now acting on behalf of the state, market and media†.Countries with loose environmental laws need to place tougher conditions in place, and although they might lose revenue, they will free their people from environmental slavery. They need to realize that a life is worth more than a dollar bill. The United Nations needs to get involved helping these third world countries that do not have other options but to allow these companies into their countries. Tougher sanctions are desperately needed. â€Å"Grassroots groups are fighting back and winning. They are forming alliances, coalitions, networks and collaborations that stretch across the globe†(95).Environmental justice is needed, barriers need to be taken down and borders crossed. We cannot let our people live under these degrading conditions fearing for their own health and the lives of their children. Works Cited â⠂¬Å"11 Facts about Pollution. † Environmental Racism. N. p. , n. d. Web. 2 Nov. 2011. . â€Å"Air Pollution. † National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS). N. p. , n. d. Web. 4 Nov. 2011. . Brecher, Jeremy. Globalization From Below . † Third World Traveler. N. p. , n. d. Web. 4 Nov. 2011. . Deming, Alison Hawthorne, and Lauret E. Savoy. The colors of nature: culture, identity, and the natural world. Rev. ed. Minneapolis, Minn. : Milkweed Editions, 2011. Print. Robinson, Dr Deborah M.. â€Å"Environmental Racism. † The WCC. N. p. , n. d. Web. 4 Nov. 2011. . â€Å"Why sustainability is winning over CEOs. † Vancouver Sun. N. p. , n. d. Web. 3 Nov. 011. . ——————————————– [ 1 ]. â€Å"Air Pollution. † National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS). N. p. , n. d. Web. 4 Nov. 2011. . [ 2 ]. â€Å"11 Facts about Pollut ion. † Environmental Racism. N. p. , n. d. Web. 2 Nov. 2011. . [ 3 ]. Ibid. [ 4 ]. â€Å"Why sustainability is winning over CEOs. † Vancouver Sun. N. p. , n. d. Web. 3 Nov. 2011. . [ 5 ]. Robinson, Dr Deborah M.. â€Å"Environmental Racism. † The WCC. N. p. , n. d. Web. 4 Nov. 2011. .

Laboratory Protocol for Carbohydrates

For polysaccharide extract a. Repeat procedure A. 2a – A. 2d with 10 mL of the polysaccharide extract from Expt. 6 but use 10 drops conc. HCl. B. General Tests for Carbohydrates Test the ff. carbohydrate solutions: 1% glucose, fructose, maltose, sucrose, lactose, agar-agar, gum arabic, glycogen, cotton, starch, polysaccharide solution from clams, and all hydrolysates from Part A. 1. Molisch Test a. Add 2 drops Molisch reagent to 1 mL sugar solution. Mix thoroughly. b. Incline the tube and gently pour 3 mL conc H2SO4 down the side of the tube. c. Note the color at the interface of the 2 layers. 2. Benedicts's Test a.Add 1 ml of the solution to be tested to 5 ml of Benedict's solution, and shake each tube. b. Place the tube in a boiling water bath and heat for 3 minutes. c. Remove the tubes from the heat and allow them to cool. d. Note precipitation, if there is any, and the color of the precipitate formed. 3. Barfoed's Test a. Add 1 ml of the solution to be tested to 3 ml of fr eshly prepared Barfoed's reagent. b. Place test tubes into a boiling water bath and heat for 3 minutes. c. Remove the tubes from the bath and allow to cool. Do not heat the tubes longer than 3 minutes, as a positive test can be obtained with disaccharides if they are heated long enough. 4. Lasker and Enkelwitz Test a.Add 1 ml of the solution to be tested to 5 ml of Benedict's solution in a test tube and mix well. b. Heat the test tube in a 55 oC water bath for 20 minutes. c. Note changes after 10 mins and up to 20 mins. 5. Orcinol Test a. Add 1 ml of the solution to be tested to 3 ml of Orcinol reagent. b. Gently heat the tube to boiling. Allow the tube to cool. c. Note color of the solution or if there is any precipitate formed. 6. Mucic Acid Test a. Add 10 drops conc HNO3 to 3 ml of the solution to be tested and mix well. b. Heat on a boiling water bath until the volume of the solution is reduced to about 1 ml. c. Remove the mixture from the water bath and let it cool in an ice ba th. d. Note the formation of crystals, if any.Caution:Â   Perform the reaction under a fume hood. 7. Iodine Test for Starch and Glycogen a. Add 2 drops of Lugol's iodine solution to 10 drops of solution to be tested in a spot plate. b. Note color changes. Post-Lab Questions: 1. Correlate the results of the iodine test on the polysaccharides with their structures. 2. Correlate the results of the tests on cotton with the structure of cellulose. 3. Give the balanced chemical equation, the positive result and the product/s responsible for the positive result of each color reaction test. 4. Conclude on the type of carbohydrate in your polysaccharide extract based on the results of its color reactions.

The Future of NATO

The Future of NATO Introduction The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) when signing the North Atlantic Treaty in 1949 declared that the organization would diligently work towards the unification of their combined defense in the preservation of peace and security.1Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Future of NATO specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The utmost danger to these goals was an armed attack by an unfriendly power. The insight resulted in the treaty’s most renowned provision as entrenched in Article V. It states that the parties to the treaty had concurred that a military attack against any of the members in Europe or North America would be regarded as an invasion against them all. However, the purpose for creating NATO has been objectively investigated by several interested parties of researchers and academicians including Lord Ismay to examine if NATO has a future given the contemporary security environment. In f act, Ismay formulated that the main objective of founding the alliance in 1949 was â€Å"to keep the Russians out, the Americans in, and the Germans down†.2 Six decades later, the mission has been achieved. However, the modern democratic Germany does not present any security threat. The effective collapse of the Soviet Union has resulted in a Russia that is incapable of presenting substantial military or conceptual threat to Europe effectively making NATO unnecessary from this perspective. The United States has played a vital role in ensuring that its national interests are permanently protected. Some quarters have suggested that the US has played its part in the alliance and should now leave. At the same time, NATO has achieved its mission in accordance with the treaty that created it. The accomplishment of these important missions somehow leaves NATO close to obsolete. NATO consequently requires restructuring and revamping to reflect on the realities of the 21st century.Adv ertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Evidently, the role of NATO remains important in view of International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) and increasing terrorism activities that threaten its members and non-members in equal measures. The security concerns of the 21st century and interconnected aspects offer NATO a new lease of life and a future. Main Body Initial paradox During the final decades of the 20th century, NATO was faced with a paradox. â€Å"The battle that the alliance had created to confront and conquer known as the conformist conflict in Europe terminated without bloodshed†.3 This almost made NATO irrelevant. Strangely, when the alliance relaxed, armed chaos exploded in the Balkans. As a result, Europe was caught in the violence. NATO’s response appeared to be sluggish given that the enormous task of merging the expanse increased with t he flop of Yugoslavia. In a timely manner, the alliance made the right resolution by intervening to terminate a violent war and remaining to maintain peace. The alliance assumed the responsibility of reconciling the former rivals into the transatlantic fold. This was a feat and the realization of one of the objectives of the European unity as stipulated in the Treaty. Reaching an agreement on both counts was taxing. However, the leaders of the alliance fixed the course of European history in a style that would offer enhanced safety, refuge and opportunity for all.4 Modern paradox The alliance is inherently faced by another paradox in its operation. The key member of the alliance in terms of finance and military capability enabled the United States to accomplish its mission as envisaged in the formation of the alliance. It has secured its interests globally by using the provisions of the treaty. Besides, it has managed to neutralize major threats to its national and regional security through ISAF and direct military actions. The paradox that faces the alliance emerges from these facts and demands gallant and extensive resolutions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Future of NATO specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The transatlantic region is less susceptible to conformist conflict now and in the foreseeable future. Since the alliance was designed to protect the community and the region from threat, it is still busy pursuing this mission despite lack of any potential threat. However, renewed threats to the region took a twist though not directly after the 9/11 attack on the American landmarks. Citizens of ninety countries died during the attacks on the Pentagon and New York. The consequences were economically felt globally. Through ISAF, NATO’s responsibility expanded to the global arena through the deployment of troops to Afghanistan to combat terrorists responsible for the attacks. For a number of countries, the shift to democracy has progressed in fits and starts. These include NATO’s neighbors. Economically weaker states face the hitches of controlling their areas and affording urgent needs for their populations. Under the umbrella of ISAF, NATO has a future as its assistance is required in these countries and regions. Terrorism mushrooms in these weaker countries. If first world countries are to effectively defend themselves against terrorism, they must support NATO in its endeavor to eliminate terrorist shells in these emerging economies. This globalizes the increasingly multifaceted threats. The 2004 Madrid and 2005 London and multiple deterred attacks illustrated what transnational radical groups pursue to spread across the multiple verges of shared transatlantic region. The unwelcomed visitor of international terrorism accompanied by social, racial and spiritual strife is augmented by other threats. There are other threats that are creating their cour se towards the transatlantic zone from unanticipated quarters.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The dangers touch all countries similarly and no country is immune.5 This realization requires the partnership with NATO giving it a new role in future. The origins of these threats cling to globalization and shrouded within the economic networks that fuel the engines of global economy. For example, the essentials to construct biological weapons and the resources for their delivery possess a trend of masking behind millions of ordinary vessels meant for genuine trade. Computer-generated networks transmit novel ideas and chances at immeasurable speeds yet prowling in the data streams are fresh susceptibilities to trade and national security. When the Alliance was formed, cyber-crime and related threats did not present the region with substantial threats. These dangers advanced by technology require the alliance to review the mandate of NATO. In so doing, NATO will have extra responsibilities in future. Technological threats are currently the most probable source of global insecurity. Additionally, piracy, which for hundreds of years has been consigned to irritating levels, is on the increase. Illicit networks traffic artilleries, drugs and human are forming long vague shadows traversing international boundaries. The doubt of consistent energy provisions has the prospect in the disruption of livelihoods and trade at an extraordinary measure. Above this milieu of threats is a financial crisis of momentous degree. These emerging challenges to safety and security offer NATO a lifeline. Piracy activities have seemingly subdued contemporary measures by security agencies. This offers NATO a chance to help the world deal with piracy in collaboration with the agencies and nation-states. Expanding Jurisdiction The NATO leadership is alive to the emerging realities and challenges of the 21st century. NATO is re-inventing itself to deal with the threats to its interests in economic and security frontier. In the last five years, NATO forces have been deployed in its largest operation in history. The alliance has trained over 150,000 police and army forces to combat ferocious insurgence in Afghanistan, which is more than five thousand kilometers from its headquarters in Brussels.6 This is a departure from the initial objective of the Treaty and evidence of embracing global responsibility. In Balkan, there are various martial personnel devoted towards advancing firmness and amity.7 NATO ships prowl the high seas off the East African coast to combat the increasing piracy menace associated mostly with the Somali instability. Although the United States has played a vital role and close to accomplishing its mission with NATO, it remains an important partner in the role played by NATO in securing its interests globally. Its interest particularly in East Africa has been a target by terrorists who find it difficult to execute their mission in the American soil. As a result, withdrawal from the alliance in pursuit of other commitments would have dire consequenc es for the US.8 The intensive investment in training and deploying of troops to different locations further indicates the alliance members’ intention to ensure that NATO continues to have a position in the global security sphere. Renewed responsibilities The rate of operation by NATO demonstrates that even though the world security setting has altered, the alliance’s raison d’etre has not. It is the continuing responsibility of transatlantic community to assist nations, the alliance and entire world in addressing the grave and frequently detached threats that endanger the world. In this view, NATO will remain a beacon of unwavering peace and liberty in Europe as was the case in the 20th century. In an address to the NATO members, the Secretary of State named Hillary Clinton informed that the alliance was being challenged by circumstances to deal with greater challenges in the history of mankind. The secretary stated that to meet the challenges the alliance neede d to renovate and fortify their partnerships.9 The challenge by the secretary was positively received by the 28 leaders of the alliance. In November 2010, the leaders undertook the bold and enormous role of setting forward the vision on how the alliance through NATO would confront the security tasks of the present and the future effectively offering a future to NATO. In order to modernize and strengthen NATO, the leaders began with the development of a new Strategic Concept. The concept was launched on the platform of the initial premise offered by the earlier transatlantic visions, which included that the Transatlantic Alliance is a society of associates organized by a set of shared beliefs.10 Strategic Concept The NATO leadership realizes the need to develop a concept that will reflect on the changing security environment and reinvent the alliance to face the challenges of the 21st century and beyond. The strategy is composed of two fundamental and sturdy pillars. The first pillar is combined defense called the pledge (preserved in Article V of the Washington Treaty) meant to react to the aggression touching one as aggression touching all. With the Balkans and neighboring countries joining the alliance, the responsibility of NATO has been increasing despite the fact that the region does not face immediate threat.11 The collective defense precept means that NATO will remain an essential alternative in case of imminent threats. The second pillar of the alliance is co-operative security. The leaders appreciate that security issues need to be addressed proactively as opposed to being ready and reacting to threats that may ensue. Such cooperation is particularly important for the security agencies. The agencies need to work in tandem and synergically to forecast probable security scenarios.12 In implementing the strategic plan of the alliance leadership, NATO has in the last two decades been extending the ideology of partnership. Observably, the scope and value o f the alliance’s partnership has remarkably improved. This has enabled NATO to increase its presence in the global security arena. In an array of ways, NATO is regaining its relevance in the international security community through renewed commitment to partnering with compatible countries and security agencies on shared security concerns. This approach is important in differentiating the NATO of the Cold War era and subsequent years from the NATO of today. This is an affirmative leap forward for the future of NATO. The partnerships have enabled NATO to correctly construct the right competences, logistical and structural capacity in addressing security concerns of the present and the future.13 With the strategic concept in place, nations inside and outside the transatlantic zone are regaining their confidence in NATO. In recent years, NATO in collaboration with likeminded countries effectively created a no-go-zone in Libya that culminated in the ouster and consequent killing of one of the Africa’s most intimidating autocratic President called Muammar Gaddafi. This demonstrated that NATO still has a role to play in enhancing global security. Without the intervention of NATO, the war propagated against civilians would have spilled to the neighboring countries and probably to the entire African continent. The dismantling of piracy cartels along the coast of East Africa signifies that NATO still has a future. It has a role in stabilizing diverse world locations. Unique capability for security organization The parties that are members of the transatlantic alliance possess huge economic, political and military potential. With the largest percentage of its military and structural organization being funded by the world’s most influential economy, NATO has a unique capability for organizing security and operating in any environment through the marshaling of influential forces. This means that like-minded countries are keen to ensure that NATO remai ns as a partner in global security issues. While the security setting has altered significantly, the core ideals, the roles of collective defense and cooperative security, as well as the shared capabilities continue to be the essential basis of the alliance.14 With more countries around the world sensing the increasing threats from different corners including terrorism, the role of NATO will become relevant and necessary in future. These countries will be willing to assist and cooperate with NATO to improve security. They will offer financial and military support to the alliance. The departure of the US from the alliance will have an impact on NATO, but countries which feel that being affiliated with NATO is beneficial to their security will join efforts to fit in the US position in the alliance.15 Organizational structures Strategic Concept adopted by NATO leadership with a global aspect with the transatlantic zone acting as a security hub indicates that shareholders in the securit y region are keen to actualize the role of NATO in future. The future of sponsored organizations heavily depends on the well-wish of the partners. The suggestion by the stakeholders to realign NATO structures is a clear indication that it has a future. They are ready to investing in capabilities, training and mutual command structure that interlink the partners into a cohesive whole.16 NATO requires the assistance of security agencies and military support from outside the transatlantic region to avert security threats emanating from continents such as Asia and Africa propagated by terrorism networks like AL Qaeda. Such cooperation will ensure that the endeavors as envisaged in Article V are attained.17 The restructuring to involve international players is an indication that it has a future full of responsibilities that require distribution of responsibilities.18 New capabilities The United States has for decades played a dominant role in NATO. It has committed its economic and milit ary power to the preservation of peace, stability and security in Europe after the destructions of the Second World War.19 The termination of cold war, the downfall of the Berlin Wall and the breakdown of Warsaw Pact obligated NATO to discover a new responsibility to remain relevant in the eyes of the sponsors. By the end of the 20th century, the welfares of the US in the European continent had been entrenched firmly on irreversibility. Economically, Europe provides a rich market for the United States. The US economy will not succeed without an affluent Europe and vice versa. Although majority of the alliance members are cutting on defense spending, withdrawal of funding by the US as having accomplished its mission within NATO poses a major threat to the security and economies of the two continents and the world in general.20 NATO is a major conduit for the US in Europe hence America’s withdrawal and ‘returning home’ is ill-advised with dire consequences. For all intents and purposes, the US is virtually a member of the European Union without formally stating so in the treaty.21 There are strong indications from President Barrack Obama administration that the US is committed to fight emerging security threats through NATO. The fight against terrorism is complex.22 It requires expert approach. NATO offers sufficient expertise to execute the responsibility consequently earning a future in global security responsibilities. Given the history of NATO, it is easy to build new capabilities through it as opposed to establishing an entirely new organization. In this view, having accomplished the mission in Europe, it is the interest of the US for NATO to advance geographically as threats become spread outside Europe but with the same impact as if the threats were directly emanating from Europe. The EU has made significant steps in ensuring that the presence of the United States is not far-reaching. The countries have grown militarily and politically in leaps and bounds. They now have the capacity to stand on their own without essentially having the US partake in main or trivial roles.23 The European countries now admit that peacekeeping in the continent is their key responsibility. However, the economic interests of the US in Europe do not allow it to withdraw from the continent in totality. To safeguard its interests in Europe, the US will have to engage the services of NATO. This is yet another reason why NATO has a role to play in future. The US will employ the tactic of retrenching from Europe in a setting that it remains a partner and can send its military as well as offer support but cease running the show and bearing the risks. As has been the case in the recent years, the US will continue to expand the NATO mandate to other global locations to safeguard its interests. The US engagement with NATO will increase irrespective of the security environment and the funding will most likely increase. However, the engagement wit h Europe will be based on the needs of military backing. Irrespective of the need for backing, the US will ensure that NATO is well funded to effectively handle any unpredicted security threat. The US appears to continuously underline the criticality of subsidizing NATO activities and tackling 10-vital competencies. Key among these capabilities is warhead defense, computer-generated and civil-military cooperation. This approach in altering and increasing the responsibility of NATO while the leading sponsor gives it a future full of global responsibilities in countering threats as opposed to being restricted to transatlantic roles. â€Å"The 21st century dangers of extremism, the spread of weapons of mass destruction and cybercrime further justify the continuity of NATO into the future.†24 The non-member countries require to be assured by NATO that despite their non-membership to the alliance, NATO will reciprocate assistance when needed in order to maintain global peace and s ecurity. In this respect, NATO needs to review its objectives with a clear consideration of the changing security environment since the contemporary threats extend beyond ‘armed aggression’ as described in Article V. This way, the countries will give NATO logistic, military and financial support, and an operational future. America would readily approve such a move. Inevitability, the US is focusing its attention from the transatlantic region to combat contemporary threats of terrorism and cybercrime that mainly originate from the Middle East, Africa and Asia. NATO’s failure to embrace increasing global security responsibility will likely see the US losing interest in investing in the alliance’s future with NATO.25 NATO should partner with likeminded countries to effectively execute its global security mandate such as Australia and Japan. When such non-member countries provide significant military support, they should form part of the operative planning pro cedures even though they have no vote in the considerations.26 This way, NATO will have a busy future with mandate beyond that stipulated in the Treaty and particularly Article V. Conclusions and recommendations The future of NATO is increasingly challenged by social, economic and political factors. The future of the alliance is gradually being influenced by the diminishing security threats in the European continent. The stability and diffusion of threats has been facilitated by NATO which has played a central role for decades. The end of cold war, the collapse of the Berlin Wall and stability in the region has placed NATO in a paradox as to what role it should play having accomplished its initial mission of collective defense and security cooperation. Additionally, European countries are increasingly becoming militarily independent. Most countries in the regions have attained military capacity to defend their homeland from external aggression. The threats that had brought the count ries together in an alliance have significantly decreased. The threats are spread to other global locations. This waters-down the role of NATO in the transatlantic region. However, the future of NATO is still promising given the changing security environment. In order to maintain its relevance, NATO, its members and leaderships require adapting to the current and emerging security threats of the 21st century. The leadership and members of the alliance should seek ways to restructure NATO command to accommodate membership with a global representation. The dangers that are likely to threaten the transatlantic alliance will emerge from outside the region. The move by NATO to increase its security surveillance in Africa, Middle East and the coasts off East Africa is commendable but it requires increasing its presence to the global arena. It is also imperative for NATO to combine its identity of ‘defensive alliance’ with ‘instrument of intervention’ in Europe an d afar. In view of the ongoing crisis in Syria, it is evident that the US is a key player in NATO. The Barrack Obama administration has neglected the humanitarian crisis in Syria by refusing to offer extra funding to NATO. Evidently, the departure of the US from NATO will create a global crisis in security. It should hence be the responsibility of NATO leadership to ensure that the relationship between the US and the transatlantic alliance remains intact. The members should, therefore, commit to funding NATO’s operations to avert security threats that may spill to the region. Currently, the US population feels that the alliance members have neglected their responsibility by cutting on military funding thus effectively leaving the US taxpayer to bear the burden. Despite these circumstances, NATO still has a future in combating emerging global security threats. BROOK, Tom. NATO Still has a Vital Role, Secretary General says. March 2013 [cited 29 January 2014]. Available from W orld Wide Web usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/09/25/nato-anders-fogh-rasmussen/2870679/. CURTIN, Mary. The Role of NATO in Today’s World. August 2013. [cited 29 January 2014]. Available from World Wide Web startribune.com/opinion/commentaries/211628261.html. Daadler, I. A New Alliance for a New Century. The RUSI Journal, 2010, vol. 155 no. 5, p. 6-10. ERLANGER, Steven. Shrinking Europe Military Spending Stirs Concern. January 2013. [cited 29 January 2014]. Available from World Wide Web nytimes.com/2013/04/23/world/europe/europes-shrinking-military-spending-under-scrutiny.html?pagewanted=all. Goldgeier, J. The Future of NATO. Council on Foreign Relations, 2010, vol. 51,no. 1, p. 1-33. Hallams, E. Benjamin, S. Towards a ‘Post-American’ Alliance? NATO Burden-Sharing after Libya. International Affairs, 2012, vol. 88, no. 2, p. 313–327. KARL, Kaiser. Does NATO Have a Future? For Better or for Worse. March 2008. [cited 29 January 2014]. Available from World Wide Web spiegel.de/international/europe/does-nato-have-a-future-for-better-or-for-worse-a-557914.html. Kashmeri, Sarwar. NATO: Reboot or Delete? Washington, D.C: Potomac Books, Inc., 2011. Print. MANEA, Octavian. Lord Ismay, Restated. February 2010. [cited 29 January 2014]. Available from World Wide Web http://smallwarsjournal.com/blog/lord-ismay-restated. Michaels, J. NATO after Libya. The RUSI Journal, 2011, vol. 156, no. 6, p. 56-61. NATO Public Diplomacy Division. A Short History of NATO. PDF file [online]. 2012-[cited 2014-01-29]. nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_publications/20120412_ShortHistory_en.pdf. NATO Public Diplomacy Division. In NATO Handbook [online]. Brussels (Belgium): NATO Public Diplomacy Division, 2006-[cited 2014-01-29]. NATO Public Diplomacy Division. In NATO in Focus. PDF file [online]. 2012-[cited 2014-01-29]. nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_publications/1303-nato_in_focus-en.pdf. NATO Public Diplomacy Division. In Strategic Concept for the Defence and Security of the Members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization [online]. 2010-[cited 2014-01-29]. nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_publications/20120214_strategic-concept-2010-eng.pdf. STRATCON10EN / 1959-10. NESNERA, Andre. NATO/US Role. June 2013. [cited 29 January 2014]. Available from World Wide Web fas.org/man/nato/news/1999/990426-nato.htm Pachoud, Jeff. Has NATO Outlived its Usefulness? France: Agence France Press, 2013, Print. Racius, E. Lithuania in the NATO Mission in Afghanistan: Between Idealism and Pragmatism. Luthuanian Annual Strategic Review, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 187-207. Rostoks, T. Baltic States and NATO: Looking Beyond the Article V. Strategic and Defence Studies, vol. 4, no. 44, p. 1-12. Simon, Jeffrey. The Future of the Alliance: Is Demography Destiny? Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2010. Print. Yost, D. NATO’s Evolving Purposes and the Next Strategic Concept. International Affairs, vol. 86, no. 2, p. 489-522. Footnotes 1 NATO Public Diplomacy Division, NATO Handbook. 2 Manea, O., Lord Ismay, Restated, p. 1. 3 Daadler, I., A New Alliance for a New Century, p. 6. 4 Daadler, I., A New Alliance for a New Century, p. 6. 5 Daadler, I., A New Alliance for a New Century, p. 6. 6 Racius, E., Lithuania in the NATO Mission in Afghanistan: Between Idealism and Pragmatism, P. 188. 7 Rostoks, T., Baltic States and NATO: Looking Beyond the Article V, p. 2. 8 Kashmeri, S., NATO: Reboot or Delete? p. 48. 9 Daadler, I., A New Alliance for a New Century, p. 7. 10 Kashmeri, S., NATO: Reboot or Delete? p.56. 11 Yost, D., NATO’s Evolving Purposes and the Next Strategic Concept, p. 491. 12 Pachoud, J., Has NATO Outlived its Usefulness? p. 3. 13 Simon, J., The Future of the Alliance: Is Demography Destiny? p. 201. 14 Curtin, M., The Role of NATO in Today’s World, p. 1. 15 Pachoud, J., Has NATO Outlived its Usefulness? p. 4. 16 Curtin, M., The Role of NATO in Today’s World, p. 1. 17 Michaels, J., NATO after Libya , p. 58. 18 Karl, K., Does NATO Have a Future? For Better or for Worse, p. 1. 19 Nesnera, A., NATO/US Role, p. 1. 20 Erlanger, S., Shrinking Europe Military Spending Stirs Concern, p. 1. 21 Brook, T., NATO Still has a Vital Role, Secretary General says, p. 1. 22 Michaels, J., NATO after Libya, p. 59. 23 Nesnera, A., NATO/US Role, p. 1. 24 Goldgeier, J., The Future of NATO, p. 4. 25 Hallams E. Benjamin, S., Towards a ‘Post-American’ Alliance? NATO Burden-Sharing after Libya, p. 320. 26 Hallams E. Benjamin, S., Towards a ‘Post-American’ Alliance? NATO Burden-Sharing after Libya, p. 320.

Ethical and Moral Issues in Business Essay Example

Ethical and Moral Issues in Business Essay Example Ethical and Moral Issues in Business Essay Ethical and Moral Issues in Business Essay Antoinette â€Å"Toni† Harris January 31, 2011 Ethical and Moral Issues in Business Dictionary. com defines ethics as the body of moral principles or values governing or distinctive of a particular culture  or group. The group in the definition could be an organization or business. The word moral is defined as pertaining to, or concerned with the  principles or rules of right conduct or the distinction between right and wrong. (Dictionary. com, 2011) An employee of a corporation oftentimes is faced with making a decision that causes them to examine their ethical or moral judgment in executing their decisions.In this paper, we examine the differences between ethical and moral issues and the differences between personal and business ethics. We also provide real world examples of common ethical problems in business. The difference between ethical and moral issues is as simple as the difference between right and wrong. The major difference between ethics and moral issue is the authority that governs the decision. Business ethical guidelines are set by the management of the business. Moral guidelines are self-imposed and learned behaviors from parents, associates and religious background.A business owner and the governmental entity where that business resides have the right to determine the business ethics of the corporation. However, the moral issues are decisions that are made by the individual employee based on his or her personal experience. For example, a manager of a restaurant may be faced with an ethical and moral dilemma when a person who is hungry with no money requests a free meal. As a company employee, it would be unethical for him or her to give away free food. However, as a fellow human being who has sympathy for mankind, his moral being may want to give the person a free meal.Personal and business ethics are two different areas. Trevino and Nelson (2007), defines ethics as- the principles, norms, and standards of conduct governing an indiv idual or group- focuses on conduct. While both deal with right and wrong, a person’s personal ethics deals with what he or she personally believes to be right or wrong. A person’s business ethics are dictated by a corporation’s management. While the individual may believe it is right to do something, the company’s ethics policy may prevent him or her from acting on their personal ethics.For instance, a financial advisor has to have a client sign and initial several forms. After returning to the office and reviewing the forms, the financial advisor notices that the client inadvertently missed a spot where they should have initialed. It would be a business ethics violation for the financial advisor to initial the form on behalf of the client. For the financial advisor, it may not be against his personal ethics to initial the form, because the client more than likely would have initialed the form. However, as an agent of the business, the financial advisor m ust follow the guidelines of the business’ ethical policy.Although there is a thin line between ethics and morality, the difference is between business and personal. Personally, an individual has a right to decide for themselves what is right and wrong. However, as an employee of a company, when there is a dilemma between personal and business ethics then the ethical guidelines of the corporation should prevail. If an individual feels strongly against a company’s business ethics, then he or she will have to determine if they want to continue to work for that organization because it is unlikely that management will change the ethics of the business.Someone who has strong personal ethical and moral values would probably be better off starting their own business and creating their own business ethics policies.

Distinctive Features of the Grammar of Irish English

Distinctive Features of the Grammar of Irish English If you celebrate St. Patricks Day with plastic pitchers of green beer and rousing choruses of Danny Boy (composed by an English lawyer) and The Unicorn (by Shel Silverstein), you may be roaring just about anywhere in the world on March 17except in Ireland. And if your friends insist on hollering top o the mornin and begosh and begorrah, you can be pretty sure theyre not Irish. The English language as spoken in Ireland (a variety known as Hiberno-English or Irish English) has many distinctive featuresnone of which should be confused with your friends Celtic clichà ©s or the Hollywood brogues of Tom Cruise (in Far and Away) and Brad Pitt (in The Devils Own). As examined by Markku Filppula in The Grammar of Irish English: Language in Hibernian Style (Routledge, 1999), Irish-English grammar represents a unique combination of elements drawn from the two principal partners in the contact situation, Irish and English. This grammar is characterized as conservative because it has held on to certain traits of the Elizabethan English that helped shape it four centuries ago. Here are just a few of the characteristics of Irish-English grammar: Like Scottish English, Irish English has unmarked plurality in nouns indicating time and measuretwo mile, for instance, and five year.Irish English makes an explicit distinction between singular you/ye and plural youse (also found in other varieties): So I said to our Jill and Mary: Youse wash the dishes.Another characteristic of Irish English is nominalization, giving a word or phrase a noun-like status that it doesnt generally have, as in If I had the doing of it again, Id do it different.A direct borrowing from the traditional Irish language (also known as Irish Gaelic or Gaeilge) is the use of after in noun phrases such as Im only after my dinner.Like Scottish English, Irish English often uses progressive forms of stative verbs (I was knowing your face).Another salient feature is the use of sentence tags initiated by so, as in Its raining, so it is. (adapted from World Englishes: An Introduction, by Gunnel Melchers and Philip Shaw. Oxford University Press, 2003)   Thats just a small sample of the many distinctive features of Irish-English grammar. Discussion of its rich vocabulary (or lexicon) and patterns of pronunciation (phonology) will have to wait until next years St. Patricks Day. Until then, if youre interested in learning about Gaeilge (the historical language of the Irish people, now spoken by only a small minority of the population), visit Michelle Gallens website, Talk Irish. This award-winning site provides a social network for teachers, speakers and learners of traditional Irish. Sln go fà ³ill. Goodbye for now. More Varieties of English: Australian EnglishCanadian EnglishChicano EnglishChinese EnglishDublin EnglishEuro-EnglishHinglishIndian EnglishPhilippine EnglishScottish EnglishSingapore EnglishSouth African English

Explain why and how the morgan report has led to a substantial change Essay

Explain why and how the morgan report has led to a substantial change in crime reduction initiatives in the uk - Essay Example Four distinctive areas will be referenced as examples of their implementation in principles laid down by the Morgan Report. This Report has influenced subsequent legislation such as the Crime and Disorders Act of 1998 which has impacted substantially the very philosophy of crime reduction. This Act, a descendent of the Morgan Report, will also be reviewed. There were 181 police forces in Britain, operating mostly independently of each other, at the beginning of the twentieth century. These small enforcement groups had limited collaboration or communications between them. 43 police forces function within England and Wales today supplied with many more police officers. Interactivity between these units has increased significantly over the years with the advent of new technologies and the need to slow criminal activity, not just in a region but nation-wide. Despite new technologies that aided police in performing their duties more competently, crime continued to become increasingly prevalent after 1960, which predictably led to public condemnation of the police. It had become apparent that traditional policing methods would not prevent or reduce crime on their own. Police organisations began seeking the involvement the community. This move was a change from a predominately reactive style of enforcement. â€Å"In the early 1980s, alongside changes in policing, the government of the day put crime prevention firmly on the agenda with a number of circulars proposing coordinated approaches to crime prevention, involving many organisations working together† (â€Å"What is Crime Reduction† 2006). In 1984, an inter-departmental circular suggested the establishment of local multi-group assemblies to undertake crime issues. Historic milestones involving recent expansive techniques of crime prevention and community safety can be traced to this circular, which